Afficher la version complète : Média Origine du Japonais
Desolee d'ecrire en anglais, but my french is so bad, so I hope you excuse me to write in English, if not in japanese.
Salut, Mon Ami
I don't know how many people here are really interested in who the
japanese people really are. But since this is the forum about japan,
I think it nice idea to post some recent
scientific study concerning japanese people.
The stated conclustion from many various studies is:
(1) 60-70% of Japanese population are actually from Korea
(2) 30-40% of Japanese population are native islanders from northern sibelia
I am planning to post some genetic studies to show that the statement above is true.
I will then talk about the facial structure of Japanese people in relation to Korean and Chinese. Lastly, I will post some pictures of Japanese People so that you could see the morphological differences between the groups.
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: J Hum Genet. 2000;45(2):76-83. Related Articles, Links
Y chromosomal DNA variation in east Asian populations and its potential for inferring the peopling of Korea.
Kim W, Shin DJ, Harihara S, Kim YJ.
Department of Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choong-Nam, Republic of Korea. wookkim@ansco.dankook.ac.kr
We have examined variations of five polymorphic loci (DYS287, DXYS5Y, SRY465, DYS19, and DXYS156Y) on the Y chromosome in samples from a total of 1260 males in eight ethnic groups of East Asia. We found four unique haplotypes constructed from three biallelic markers in these samples of East Asians. The Japanese population was characterized by a relatively high frequency of either the haplotype I-2b (-/Y2/T) or II-1 (+/Y1/C). These dual patterns of the distribution of Y chromosomes (I-2b/II-1) were also found in Korea, although they were present at relatively low frequencies. The haplotype II-1 was present in Northeast Asian populations (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Mongolians) only, except for one male from the Thai population among the Southeast Asian populations (Indonesians, Philippines, Thais, and Vietnamese). The Japanese were revealed to have the highest frequency of this haplotype (27.5%), followed by Koreans (2.9%), Mongolians (2.6%), and mainland Chinese (2.2%). In contrast, the frequency of the haplotype I-2b was found to be 17.1% in the Japanese, 9.5% in Indonesian, 6.3% in Korean, 3.8% in Vietnamese, and 2.7% in Thai samples. These findings suggested that the chromosomes of haplotype I-2b were likely derived from certain areas of Northeast Asia, the region closest to Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining tree also reflected a general distinction between Southeast and Northeast Asian populations. The phylogeny revealed a closer genetic relationship between Japanese and Koreans than to the other surveyed Asian populations. Based on the result of the dual patterns of the haplotype distribution, it is more likely that the population structure of Koreans may not have evolved from a single ancient population derived from Northeast Asians, but through dual infusions of Y chromosomes entering Korea from two different waves of East Asians.
PMID: 10721667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.geocities.com/londonross1/deyap.gif
Fig. 2 Distribution of Y haplogroups in east Asia. Circle area is proportional to sample size, and the nine haplogroups are represented by different colors
The distribution of Y-chromosomal variation surveyed here reveals significant genetic differences among east Asian populations. Haplogroup DE-YAP (the YAP+ allele) was present at high frequency only in the Japanese and was rare in other parts of east Asia (Table 2, Fig. 2). This result is consistent with previous findings of YAP+ chromosomes only in populations from Japan and Tibet in east Asia (Hammer and Horai 1995; Hammer et al. 1997; Kim et al. 2000; Tajima at al. 2002). However, haplogroup DE-YAP is also found at low frequencies in all the other northeast Asian populations sampled here (2.4% overall, excluding the Japanese; 9.6%, including the Japanese), but only in two of the southern populations (0.8% overall), suggesting that the Korean YAP+ chromosomes are unlikely to have been derived from a southeast Asian source. The prevalence of the YAP+ allele in central Asian populations suggests a genetic contribution to the east Asian populations from the northwest, probably from central Asia (Altheide and Hammer 1997; Jin and Su 2000; Karafet et al. 2001).
Haplogroups C-RPS4Y711 and K-M9 were widely but not evenly distributed in the east Asian populations. Haplogroup C-RPS4Y711 appears to be the predominant northeast Asian haplogroup, with high frequencies in Mongolians (Buryats, 37.3%; Khalkhs, 42.9%) and Manchurians (22.7%; Table 2, Fig. 2). The moderate frequency of haplogroup C-RPS4Y711 Y-chromosomes in Korea (15.0%) implies a genetic influence from northern populations of east Asia, starting possibly in east Siberia. Su and Jin (2001) suggest that the RPS4Y711-T chromosome originated in east Asia, probably in the southeast, and then expanded to the north (Siberia), based on the genetic diversity of Y-STR markers. However, the observed low Y-STR diversity of haplogroup C-RPS4Y711 chromosomes in their surveys of Siberian and central Asian populations compared with east Asian populations could also be explained by a more northern (Mongolian and/or Siberian) origin followed by genetic drift resulting from small effective population sizes (Pakendorf et al. 2002). Recently, Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (2003) have suggested that haplogroup C-RPS4Y711 expanded both through a southern route from Africa (e.g., India) to Oceania, and a northern one to Mongolia, Siberia, and eventually to northwest America. Further genetic surveys are required to test these hypotheses, with additional markers and more samples from diverse regions of Asia.
In contrast, M9-G Y-chromosomes show an opposing distribution to those carrying RPS4Y711-T in east Asia: they are more frequent in southern populations than in northern ones, showing a clinal variation from about 90% to 60% (Table 1). The haplogroups carrying the M9-G mutation and additional sublineages of M9-G in Korea appear to be at an intermediate frequency (81.9%) between southeast and northeast Asian populations. This result implies that the Korean population may be influenced by both the northeast and southeast Asian populations. Even within haplogroup O, the most frequent Korean STR haplotype (23-10-13 with the markers DYS390-DYS391-DYS393, 19% of haplogroup O; Table 3) is the most frequent in the Philippines (27%), whereas the second most frequent Korean haplotype (24-10-12, 16%) is the most frequent in Manchuria (45%). Thus, the distribution of haplogroups K-M9 and C-RPS4Y711 may reflect dispersals from both north and south. The settlement of each region at different times needs to be considered in order to understand the peopling of east Asia. Recently, Karafet et al. (2001) have noted that realistic explanations for the peopling of east Asia have to accommodate more complex multidirectional biological and cultural influences than earlier models have allowed.
http://www.geocities.com/londonross1/depca.gif
Fig. 3 Principal components (PC) analysis of haplogroup frequencies in 11 east Asian populations (circle Koreans, open diamonds southeast populations, closed diamonds northeast populations)
In this study, the Koreans appear to be most closely related overall to the Manchurians among east Asian ethnic groups (Fig. 2), although a principal components analysis of haplogroup frequencies reveals that they also cluster with populations from Yunnan and Vietnam (Fig. 3). The genetic relationship with Manchuria is consistent with the historical evidence that the Ancient Chosun, the first state-level society, was established in the region of southern Manchuria and later moved into the Pyongyang area of the northwestern Korean Peninsula. Based on archeological and anthropological data, the early Korean population possibly had a common origin in the northern regions of the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal of southeastern Siberia (Han 1995; Choi and Rhee 2001). Recent studies of mtDNA (Kivisild et al. 2002) and the Y-chromosome (Karafet et al. 2001) have also indicated that Koreans possess lineages from both the southern and the northern haplogroup complex. In conclusion, the peopling of Korea can be seen as a complex process with an initial northern Asian settlement followed by several migrations, mostly from southern-to-northern China.[/img]
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v77n3/42338/42338.h tml
Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East AsianSpecific Haplogroup O3-M122
Hong Shi,1,2,6 Yong-li Dong,3 Bo Wen,4 Chun-Jie Xiao,3 Peter A. Underhill,5 Pei-dong Shen,5 Ranajit Chakraborty,7 Li Jin,4,7 and Bing Su1,2,7
1Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and 2Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3Key Laboratory of Bio-resources Conservation and Utilization and Human Genetics Center, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; 4State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Center for Anthropological Studies, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; 5Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; 6Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing; and 7Center for Genome Information, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati
Received March 14, 2005; accepted for publication June 29, 2005; electronically published July 14, 2005.
The prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations. Here, we present a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asianspecific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O3-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations. Our results indicate that the O3-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. The microsatellite data show that the O3-M122 haplotypes in southern East Asia are more diverse than those in northern East Asia, suggesting a southern origin of the O3-M122 mutation. It was estimated that the early northward migration of the O3-M122 lineages in East Asia occurred 25,00030,000 years ago, consistent with the fossil records of modern humans in East Asia.
It should be noted that when we discuss the origin and migration of human populations, a time periodwhich part of the human-population history is under scrutinyshould be clearly defined. Recent population movement and admixture could wipe out or significantly diminish the original genetic signatures of early population movements. Therefore, to extract information for modern human origin and early population movements that happened before the Neolithic period, population-specific markers, such as SNP markers on the Y chromosome, become useful for the study of regional population movements (Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2003). At the same time, recent gene flow between distantly related populations can also be identified and removed in an analysis based on population specificity. Hence, in this sense, extreme caution should be exercised in selection of genetic markers in the study of the origin and early migrations of a continental population, because genetic variations introduced through recent gene flow could create false interpretations, as in two previous studies (Ding et al. 2000; Karafet et al. 2001). The same logic also applies to the selection of populations; ethnic populations with long histories of inhabitation in a region are always preferred for inferring early population histories.
In East Asian populations, there are three regionally distributed (East Asianspecific) Y-chromosome haplogroups under the M175 lineage (fig. 1)O3-M122, O2-M95, and O1-M119together accounting for 57% of the Y chromosomes in East Asian populations (table 1). The O3-M122 has the highest frequency (41.8% on average) (fig. 2) in East Asians, especially in Han Chinese (52.06% in northern Han and 53.72% in southern Han) (table 1), and it is absent outside East Asia. Previous studies have shown that O2-M95 and O1-M119 are prevalent in SEAS and probably originated in the south (Su et al. 1999, 2000a; Wen et al. 2004a, 2004b) (table 1). Therefore, tracing the origin of O3-M122 became critical for a full understanding of the origin and early migrations of modern East Asians.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v77n3/42338/fg2.jpg
The frequency distribution of the O3-M122 haplotypes in East Asian and other continental populations. The data used were from published studies (Su et al. 1999, 2000a, 2000b; Qian et al. 2000; Semino et al. 2000; Underhill et al. 2000; Karafet et al. 2001; Lell et al. 2002; Jin et al. 2003; Wen et al. 2004a).
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/co...ull/19/10/1737
Free Online Journal Edition
The Emerging Limbs and Twigs of the East Asian mtDNA Tree
Toomas Kivisild*, Helle-Viivi Tolk*, Jüri Parik*, Yiming Wang, Surinder S. Papiha, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt and Richard Villems*
*Department of Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University and Estonian Biocentre, Estonia;
Department of Medical Genetics, Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences, People's Republic of China;
Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne;
Department of Mathematics, University of Hamburg, Germany
We determine the phylogenetic backbone of the East Asian mtDNA tree by using published complete mtDNA sequences and assessing both coding and control region variation in 69 Han individuals from southern China. This approach assists in the interpretation of published mtDNA data on East Asians based on either control region sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing. Our results confirm that the East Asian mtDNA pool is locally region-specific and completely covered by the two superhaplogroups M and N. The phylogenetic partitioning based on complete mtDNA sequences corroborates existing RFLP-based classification of Asian mtDNA types and supports the distinction between northern and southern populations. We describe new haplogroups M7, M8, M9, N9, and R9 and demonstrate by way of example that hierarchically subdividing the major branches of the mtDNA tree aids in recognizing the settlement processes of any particular region in appropriate time scale. This is illustrated by the characteristically southern distribution of haplogroup M7 in East Asia, whereas its daughter-groups, M7a and M7b2, specific for Japanese and Korean populations, testify to a presumably (pre-)Jomon contribution to the modern mtDNA pool of Japan.
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol19/issue10/images/medium/mbev-19-10-16-f03.gif
Fig. 3.—Phylogenetic reconstruction and geographic distribution of haplogroup M7. a, A network of HVS-I haplotypes, which comprises the superposition of the most parsimonious trees for the three postulated sets of M7a, M7b, and M7c sequences. The mutations along the bold links were only analyzed for a few Japanese sequences (Ozawa et al. 1991 ; Ozawa 1995 ; Nishino et al. 1996 ) and—toward the root of M—for some Chinese sequences (this study): the corresponding individuals with (partial) coding region information are boxed. Numbers along links indicate transitions; recurrent HVS-I mutations are underlined. The age of mtDNA clades is calculated (along the tree indicated by unbroken lines) according to Forster et al. (1996) , with standard errors estimated as in Saillard et al. (2000) . Sample codes (and sources): AI—Ainu (Horai et al. 1996 ); CH—Chinese (Betty et al. 1996 ; Nishimaki et al. 1999 ; Qian et al. 2001 ; Yao et al. 2002 ; this study); IN—Indonesian (Redd and Stoneking 1999 ); JP—Japanese (Ozawa et al. 1991 ; Ozawa 1995 ; Horai et al. 1996 ; Nishino et al. 1996 ; Seo et al. 1998 ; Nishimaki et al. 1999 ); KN—Koreans (Horai et al. 1996 ; Lee et al. 1997 ; Pfeiffer et al. 1998 ); MA—Mansi (Derbeneva et al. 2002 ); MJ—Majuro (Sykes et al. 1995 ); MO—Mongolians (Kolman, Sambuughin, and Bermingham 1996 ); PH—Philippines (Sykes et al. 1995 ; Maca-Meyer 2001 ); RY—Ryukyuans (Horai et al. 1996 ); SB—Sabah (Sykes et al. 1995 ); TW—Taiwanese Han (Horai et al. 1996 ) and aboriginals (Melton et al. 1998 ); UI—Uighur (Comas et al. 1998 ; Yao et al. 2000 ); YA—Yakuts (Derenko and Shields 1997 ). b, Frequencies of the subgroups of M7 in Asian populations are inferred from the preceding HVS-I as well as partial HVS-I and RFLP data (VN—Vietnamese: Ballinger et al. 1992 ; Lum et al. 1998 ). Mainland Han Chinese are denoted as follows: GD—Guangdong, LN—Liaoning, QD—Qingdao, WH—Wuhan, XJ—Xinjiang, YU—Yunnan (Yao et al. 2002 ), SH—Shanghai (Nishimaki et al. 1999 ). The number of M7 sequences in relation to the sample size is indicated under each pie slice proportional to the M7 frequency
http://www.geocities.com/londonross1/china3.png
Fig. 2. Frequency distributions of the eight Y-chromosome haplotypes for the 14 global populations, with their approximate geographic locations. The frequencies of the eight haplotypes are shown as colored pie charts (for color codes, see upper left insert). JP =Japanese. Han=Chinese
Only four Japanese populations exhibited ht1 (defined only by YAP+) at various frequencies (also see Table 1). The highest frequency (87.5%) was found in JP-Ainu, followed by JP-Okinawa (55.6%) living in the southwestern islands of Japan, JP-Honshu (36.6%), and JP-Kyushu (27.9%). The ht2 haplotype (defined by YAP+/M15+) was found in only two males, one each from Thais and Thai-Khmers; ht3 (defined by YAP+/SRY4064-A) was completely absent in the Asian populations examined, whereas Jewish in the Uzbekistan and African populations had this haplotype with a frequency of 28.3% and 100%, respectively. Thus, the YAP+ lineage was found in restricted populations among Asian populations, consistent with previous reports (Hammer and Horai 1995; Hammer et al. 1997; Shinka et al. 1999).
The ht4 haplotype (defined only by M9-G) was widely distributed among north, east, and southeast Asian populations, except for the Ainu. This haplotype was frequent (60.5%) in overall Asian populations (Table 1). Among them, the Han Chinese and southeast Asian populations were characterized by high frequencies ranging from 81.0% to 96.0%. In contrast to ht4, ht5 (defined by M9-G/DYS257108-A) and ht6 (defined by M9-G/DYS257108-A/SRY10831-A) were small contributors to Asian populations. The highest frequency of ht5 was observed in Nivkhi (19.0%) and that of the ht6 in Thai-Khmers (10.8%). The ht5 haplotype is widely distributed among European, Asian, and Native American populations and is proposed to be one of the candidates for founder haplotypes in the Americas (Karafet et al. 1999). Furthermore, high frequencies of ht6 were observed in north Europe, central Asia, and India (Karafet et al. 1999). Thus, the presence of ht5 in Nivkhi may account for the founder effect of peopling of the Americas.
The ht7 haplotype (defined by RPS4Y-T) was also widely distributed throughout Asia with the exceptions of Malaysia and the Philippines, whereas this was absent in two non-Asian populations. The highest frequency of ht7 was found in Buryats (83.6%), followed by Nivkhi (38.1%). Thus, the geographic distribution of ht7 in Asia appears to contrast with that of ht4.
Only eight individuals (1.4%) in Asia belonged to ht8, which was the major haplotype in Jewish population (Table 1). The ht8 haplotype may not be useful for inferring population relatedness among Asian populations because it is defined by no mutations. Additional Y-polymorphic markers such as M89 and M168 (Underhill et al. 2000; Ke et al. 2001) will be needed to investigate details of the formation of modern Asian population.
According to genetic results, apporx. 60% or more Japanese are of continental origin (korean/chinese). However, there are significant jomon/ainu bloods in them.
I think on average, japanese appearances are nowhere in east asian.
My guess is due to the the distorsion introduced by jomon/ainu bloods, and their unique facial structures. I guess, there must be some japanese who could be almost deemed as chinese or korean, but there are japanese who is completely outside the chinese/korean facial features.
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http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/brown99.pdf
The first modern East Asians ?:
another look at Upper Cave
101, Liujiang and Minatogawa 1
Peter Brown
Department of Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology
University of New England
Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
http://www.geocities.com/londonross1/minatogawa.gif
MINATOGAWA 1
The Minatogawa 1 male skeleton was found in 1970 at the
Minatogawa limestone quarry on Okinawa (Suzuki and Hanihara 1982).
111
The first modern East Asians?: another look at Upper Cave 101, Liujiang and Minatogawa 1
Three female skeletons, in varying states of preservation, and assorted
other fragments were also recovered. The Minatogawa skeletons have
been described in detail in Suzuki and Hanihara (1982), with Suzuki
(1982) describing the crania. Additional comparative information can
be found in Baba and Nerasaki (1991). The Minatogawa 1 cranium is
not as complete as Liujiang and Upper Cave 101, particularly in the
basi-cranium, facial skeleton and temporal regions. Several of the
dimensions used in the analysis to follow had to be estimated.
Unlike Liujiang and Upper Cave there does not appear to have
been any concern over the reliability of the dating of Minatogawa.
Radiocarbon dates of 18,250 ±650 to 16,600 ±300 years BP were obtained
from charcoal inside the fissure (Kobayashi et al. 1974). Fluorine content
of human and non-human bones within the site suggested that they
were contemporaneous (Matsu’ura 1982). Assuming that the site was
well stratified, that the carbon dates do bracket the skeletons and that
the skeletons were not intrusive, then Minatogawa remains do have a
strong claim to being the earliest modern human skeletons in East Asia.
http://www.geocities.com/londonross1/minatogawaPC.gif
Overall, the scatter plot of Functions 1 and 2 indicate the relative morphological
similarity of the modern and Neolithic Chinese groups, while the
modern Japanese are closer to a wider range of East Asian and Native
American populations. Plots of the total group dispersions associated
with Figure 3 revealed the large degree of overlap between the Neolithic
and modern Chinese and between the modern Japanese, Anyang,
Hainan and Native American groups. The Eskimo and Ainu were more
distinct, as were both of the Australian Aboriginal groups.
Please note that northern and southern japanese are in the middle point between N/S chinese and ainu/jomon/minatogawa. This represents the japanese population
divided into the two completely diverged skull/facial structures.
I presume that on the northernmost japan (aomori, akita, etc), people's face can have many features like ainu, jomon, minatogawa, but no chinese like facial structures could be expected, because of the genetic distributions of YAP+ and DE-YAP and some mtDNA markers. The rest will be defined as yayoi coming from the continent through korean peninsula.
http://i28.photobucket.com/albums/c232/londonross/facetype2.gif
The results show the average faces of east asian (and some other related)populations.
Please notice that N/S japanese faces are slightly different from N/S chinese. I think this is due to the ainu/jomon population and/or mixtures of both natives and continentals.
Northern chinese are independent of modern yayoi japanese facial structures. Southern chinese are somewhat similar, so the southern chinese tribes may have immigrated to japan through korea 2kya, which now comprises the 60% of total japanese population.
Please note the ainu/jomon (native japanese islanders) which should represent roughly 40% or less of total japanese population (by the results of genetic analysis) shows dissimilarity to the Northern/Southern chinese.
So what does Ainu and Northern Japanese really look like?
Superficially, we have to consider the representative of the population rather than averaging out. I think the person from the noble family seems to be the most suitable sample for dissecting the phenotype of northern japanese. This is due to the traditional japanese system that samurai or any noble class belong to the lords so the number of years these lords govern means that the samurai under the hierachy has lived with them for similar number of years.
Mutsu Munemitsu, A minister of Foreign Affair
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/mutsu.jpg
He is nothern japanese from the noblest family in northern japan.
His family tree is from Hiraizumi-Fujiwara clan (Emishi related Ainu).
His ancestor includes some figures like Date Masamune, and the origin of family dates back more than 1000 years ago,
The same person
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Munemitsu_Mutsu_2.jpg
Terada Manabu, Politician, Born in Akita, Nothernmost Japan
http://www.manabu.jp/upload_photo/back/2005-11-16_1.jpg
(second person from the left. )
He is born in Northernmost Japan, and likely to be Ainu related. His
background is upper middle class.
Now, having said about the nothern japanese (northern can be replaced by northernmost). I would like to mention about the southernmost japanese.
They are known to be related to Ryukyuan/Okinawan, and their phenotypes seem to be fairly ainu, but they seem to be mixed with continentals, so they show more varieties. Prime Minister Koizumi's family comes from the noble family in Kagoshima-ken, and he belongs to this class of people.
Togo Heihachiro, An admiral, A national hero in Japan-Russo War (no involvement in WWII)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Togo%28Europe%29.JPG
Southernmost Japanese. His ancestor was a neighbor of koizumi's.
Togo Heihachiro in his 58 years old
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/ADMIRALTOGO.JPG
Okubo Toshimichi, Revolutionary, A founder of Meiji Government
Born in Kagoshima, Southernmost Japan
http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/260_260/427-53/001/0005_r.jpg
He is the suppoter of domestic development and resisted the
"Conquering of Korea".
He suppressed regional rebellions by the former
samurai class that ended with the Satsuma Rebellion,
but was assassinated by a former samurai in 1878.
His background is middle-ranking samurai, and his phenotype
seems to be from the relation to Ryukyuan, native islanders.
The same person
http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/okubo.gif
Komura Jutaro, Minister of Foreign Affair, Harvard Graduate
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/komura.jpg
Akiyama Saneyuki, Hero in Japan-Russo, he retired immediately after the war, and commited suicide
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/saneyuki_01.jpg
Akiyama Yoshifuru, General, The founder of Japanese Cavalry
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/yoshifuru_03.jpg
Last two people are southern-central (shikoku) japanese. I posted this because their phenotype is somewhere between japanese and korean, mixed. Very interesting
The first pic of komura can be representative of any japanese, but his background seems to be jomon.
Gotoda Masazumi, LDP party member, politician. Born in Tokushima, Shikoku, southern japan
http://www.jimin.jp/jimin/giindata/img/gotouda-ma.jpg
He is the 16th of his family tree, Gotoda. His family has been the wealthiest, but not noble, in Shikoku, Southern Japan. Because of geographical location of his famiily, he is likely to be jomon related.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/AinuGroup.JPG
Group of Ainu people, 1904 photograph, taken in Hokkaido Japan
From Wikipedia "Ainu People"
Due to intermarriage with the Japanese and ongoing absorption into the predominant culture, few living Ainu settlements exist. Many "authentic Ainu villages" advertised in Hokkaido are simply tourist attractions.
If you search the Ainu people over the Web, you will most likely see the fake Ainu people's picture.
Let's now look at Korean population given our choice of samples from the northern and southern Japanese
Average (not necessarily typical) Korean face
http://www.andongkim.com/articles/2005/08/media/koreanfaceavg16.jpg
http://www.andongkim.com/articles/20...koreanface.htm
Korean scientists allegedly produced what they call, "the average Korean face". The Korean Institute of Science and Technology information (KISTI) working together with the Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy made computer tomographic scans of Koreans last year and with the aid of a supercomputer produced a "digital Korean" -- a 3-D video of the average Korean's physical structure.
Do you see much differences from the northen japanese?
Now, let's look at northern han chinese face.
http://www.angle.org/anglonline/?req...e=05&page=0393
Perception of Facial Esthetics by Native Chinese Participants by Using Manipulated Digital Imagery Techniques
Sample population
The Chinese rater group consisted of 85 native Chinese participants from Beijing. Of these raters, 38 were women, and 47 were men (45% women and 55% men). Their mean age was 26.3 ± 5.3 years.
Manipulated digital imagery technique
An adult native Chinese male and female stimulus face (A) was selected for digital distortion (Figures 1 and 2 ). Both subjects were 24 years old and were chosen because they exhibited Class I occlusions with average dental proclination and balanced lower facial skeletal proportions previously established as norms for this population. They were meant to be representative of the average facial profile for this ethnic group. Because the Chinese have a shorter than average anterior cranial base and a dental proclination greater than Caucasian norms, their “normal” profile would be classified, by Caucasian standards, as bimaxillary protrusive.29,30 This profile was selected as representative of the “normal” Chinese participant.
http://www.angle.org/archive/0003-3219/070/05/figure/i0003-3219-070-05-0393-f01t.gif
FIGURE 1. The “normal” Chinese male stimulus face (A) with a balance of dental and skeletal proportions
http://www.angle.org/archive/0003-3219/070/05/figure/i0003-3219-070-05-0393-f02t.gif
FIGURE 2. The “normal” Chinese female stimulus face (A) with a balance of dental and skeletal proportions
Earlier, I made a rough assumption that:
60-70% of japanese are from korea.
30-40% of japanese are from the north of sibelia.
which is confirmed by the results in genetic analysis.
Now I will complete my posts by quoting the japanese people who are born in the country which is one of the closest to Korean Peninsula. Choshu.
Japanese Modernization actually comes from the union of Choshu (Yamaguchi-ken, Korea or Continental) and Satsuma (Kagoshima-ken, Native islanders such as Ainu, Ryukyuan, Jomon) Clan. It may be possible to compare the two? I think it is a nice idea to see the immediate differences with the earlier posted picture capturing only native islanders (mainly Satsuma clan).
Let's now look at the central japanese people (Yayoi aka Korean), born in Choshu (Yamaguchi-ken). I chose them because of the traditional baku-han system which forbids the moving of people between state defined prefectures. These Samurai belong to their lords regardless of locations, so the most samurai forms secluded community based on some central isle lords like Ouchi, Mouri clans. This makes them particularly more interesting than the modern japanese who could move between the prefectures with freedom
Ito Hirobumi, the first prime minister of Japan, born in Choshu
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/ito_01.jpg
He is a central japanese from Yamaguchi-ken. Geographically, Yamaguchi is one of the closest country to Korea. He could be one of the Korean-origin Japanese.
His obsession with Korea is known by his infamous annexation of Korea.
Another Yayoi (aka Korean descent) Japanese, Born in Choshu
Okuma Shigenobu, The minister of Foreign Affair
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/okuma.jpg
He is from Choshu, Yamaguchi. He is a typical central Japanese.
His look is in contrast to those Shimazu-clan and northern japanese noble.
Katsura Taro, Prime Minister, Born in Choshu (Korean related)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d8/11_KatsuraT.jpg
He is the most tactful politician devising the overthrow of Shogun Regime, and hand the power back to imperial family. He was sent to Germany to learn strategy and tactics.
As with Ito Hirobumi, the first prime minister of Japan, his background is humble, and from not so wealthy background.
Yamagata Aritomo, Prime Minister of Japan, Born in Choshu (Korean Related)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Aritomo_Yamagata.jpg
His background is the low-ranking samurai. He is most likely a Yayoi Japanese.
Now Let's assess the Chinese appearance. We'll take samples from the historical figures again for the reasons that they are less subject to the mixes with other asian, or even caucasoids. I tried to choose samples mostly from southern han chinese because of morphological results stating the closer proximity to general japanese population including both jomon and yayoi
Note: Northern and Southern han chinese comprises 90% of total population in china.
Yuan Shikai, Han Chinese General, Republic president, dictator and chinese emperor
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cc/Yuan_Shi-Kai.jpg
Yuan Shikai again
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Yuan_shikai.jpg
Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Mao-young.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Mao.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Mao-tiananmen-portrait.jpg/456px-Mao-tiananmen-portrait.jpg
Sun Yat-sen
http://www.schillerinstitute.org/graphics/photos/hist_other/sun.jpg
Zhou Enlai, Premier of People's Republic of China
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Joenlai.jpg
K'ung Hsiang-hsi, Chinese Banker and Politician
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/HHKung.jpg
Hu Hanmin, chinese Premier of Kuomintang
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a1/Hhm.png
Jiang, Qing, Mao Zedong's Third wife
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Jiang_Qing.jpg
Wang Dan in Taipet, 2004, A leader of Chinese Democracy movement
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0d/Drwangdan.PNG
Vice Predisident of PRC
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/09/Zeng_Qinghong.jpg
Observe that eyes of chinese are almost all double eyelids with obscure lines. Also, their facial structure especially around eyes and eyebrows are almost flat.
Now looking back japanese eyes, they don't usually have a double eyelid, but the facial surfaces between eyes and eyebrows are not flat, more depth in 3 dimension. Protruding eyebrow and sunken eyes.
JAPANESE FACE: (Ryukyuan/Ainu/Jomon)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Togo%28Europe%29.JPG
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/mutsu.jpg
http://www.jacar.go.jp/img3/komura.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Taisuke_Itagaki_4.jpg
CHINESE FACE:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Mao-young.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Joenlai.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/51/TVSoong.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Yuan_shikai.jpg
http://www.schillerinstitute.org/graphics/photos/hist_other/sun.jpg
CHINESE: Eyes are generally placed flat to the facial surface with the double eyelids. Also notice that eye and eyebrows are positioned on almost the same level, giving even flater impressions. The epicanthic fold are heavily expressed (when expressed highly, the eyelid looks single). Jaws are wider, and possibly roundly formed
JAPANESE: Eyes are placed deeper inside the skull, giving the sunken eyes with single eyelid, or double eyelids formed along with skull (in chinese face, double eyelids are simply formed with eye folds. Japanese double eyelids, if any, have a clear line aligned with skulls, and expressed outerior on the face surface as opposed to chinese interior eyelid). Epicanthic folds not highly expressed, but idyosyncrasies of eyes are expressed as the narrowly visible are of the eyes. Jaws are narrow, and possible crooked teeth are often observed
KOREAN FACE:
The best representative Korean face we can get is indeed this face:
Let's now look at KOREAN population who is thought be most related to modern central japanese. Their phenotype is known to be closest to Mongolian (South Sibelia).
Average (not necessarily typical) Korean face
http://www.andongkim.com/articles/2005/08/media/koreanfaceavg16.jpg
http://www.andongkim.com/articles/20...koreanface.htm
Korean scientists allegedly produced what they call, "the average Korean face". The Korean Institute of Science and Technology information (KISTI) working together with the Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy made computer tomographic scans of Koreans last year and with the aid of a supercomputer produced a "digital Korean" -- a 3-D video of the average Korean's physical structure.
Do you see much differences from the northen japanese? They don't look like above japanese, esp northernmost and southernmost japanese, do they?
If I dare to make any summary of Korean skulls, jaws are squared, and but possibly narrow. However, the genetic result shows that they are far more highly mixed with Chinese population, so many of korean are indistinguishable from Chinese. Surface level of eyes to the eyebrow are generally similar to Chinese, although Korean has the even stronger epicanthic fold and a deep single eyelid which can only be fixed with surgery.
Instead of posting Korean politician's pics which look to have the more Chinese features than native Altaic Tunguistic features, I will post some modern popular actor's photos, which seem to be original inhabitants in the Korean Peninsula
KOREAN FACE: thinner, lighter eyebrows, flatter faces and noses, rounder faces, and the rear parts of their jawbones are more square
Comparison of Average Korean-Japanese-Thai Face.
KOREAN FACE (LEFT) - JAPANESE FACE (MIDDLE) - THAI FACE (RIGHT)
http://www.geocities.com/londonross1/koreajapanthai.jpg
Average face stands for the standardization of face measurements typically comprising
of more than 20 facial features, and superimposed on a single face
These are of course average. In Korean population, many comes from china (aka Manchuria), and mongolia. The morphological gradient of Korean is thus heavily governed by Mongoloid physical feature.
Japanese, having been mixed with korean, bears similarity to Korean to certain extent more or so than Thai. However, there is also noticeable difference from korean. This must be because of contribution from native islanders (Jomon/Ainu/Rtykyuan).
Note that there are extensive historical records that some japanese fisherman relocated to chinese coastal area (around 14-16th century), and some Japanese features in Chinese may be due to the admixtures with japanese population.
This article is very interesting, good job !
I hope many members will be able to read it even if it's written in english.
Sly.
Comparing facial features on such small samples of individuals, through pictures of various quality and origins, and without seemingly objective criterions leaves me rather dubious — on the method if not on the conclusion. Moreover, the idea of a typical face in a geographical area is arguable, or at least seems difficult to define accurately. When I look at my all-french, genetically related family, I do see some facial features transmited along the family tree, yet our 'collection' of faces exhibits strong dissimilarities as well. And that is a just a family, not a whole country. Not to dismiss your approach of the question, but it begs for a better statistical material, doesn't it?
Gosh, it's so loooong!
It looks very interesting but i dunno if i'm brave enough to read it entirely.
Thank you for posting, anyway ;)
Désolée de répondre en français... but my english is too bad!
Post "étrange" pour le moins... autant sur la forme que sur le fond...
Je partage en fait l'avis de TB! (qui lui, s'exprime parfaitement bien en anglais! :wink: )
je dirai aussi comme TB c'est TROLL long
Seriously I do not see the purpose of the OP.
First, posting on a french board 20 messages written in english at once (with a bold title) is rather rude.
Second, this kind of melting-pot really means nothing. To put on the same ground a gallery of J-pop guys and references to serious journals like MBE is just meaningless. The issue of the origin of Japanese populations has been settled by numerous scientific publications (on population genetics) in the past ... nothing new here.
Finally, this kind of post (about so-called racial attributes) smells dirty and let me feel sick. It's a just vulgar trolling.
Therefore I suggest an intervention of a moderator to clean this post.
__________________________________________________ ____________
En VF je trouve pour résumer que c'est un gros troll, assimilable à du spam courrier classique. Le tout me donne la nausée car il y a des relents derrière (pseudo-études morphométriques digne de tout bon eugéniste) qui ne sont absolument pas tolérable.
8O
Comparing facial features on such small samples of individuals, through pictures of various quality and origins, and without seemingly objective criterions leaves me rather dubious — on the method if not on the conclusion. Moreover, the idea of a typical face in a geographical area is arguable, or at least seems difficult to define accurately. When I look at my all-french, genetically related family, I do see some facial features transmited along the family tree, yet our 'collection' of faces exhibits strong dissimilarities as well. And that is a just a family, not a whole country. Not to dismiss your approach of the question, but it begs for a better statistical material, doesn't it?
Back in 70's, Harvard guy Howell made an extensive sampling, and this guys invents the whole methods of analyzing cranial measurements. I guess one good thing about the morphology is that they can use previous results with some biases, so the accumlated sample numbers are usually larger than those sampling made on genetics. Now, one of the paper I posted includes the paper by Brown, who used the Howell's approach.
Please see:
http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/brown99.pdf
The first modern East Asians ?:
another look at Upper Cave
101, Liujiang and Minatogawa 1
Peter Brown
Department of Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology
University of New England
Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
(There are pictures posted earlier, please also see them)
The only point for posting real people's faces is to appeal to the
non-scientist. No one really cares about the what PCA, MDS, or
clustering stands for. But they just want to see some specimen (
by seeing real people's faces),
so here you go, I just tried the best to ask various people and
I feel that is already cross-validated so I posted them along with
my references to genetics, which is my specialization. Morphological
reference was taken from my friends help, so I cannot necessarily
argue on this.
I'm sorry for my failure to quote in French sources, and en francais again.
I realize that this post is rude, but this is nothing to do with racial science,
as it merely talks about the population genetics, and ad hoc justification by
morphology, and discours commun.
When you are posting such messages (and I put an emphasize to "the best specimen"):
Korean faces are far more difficult to find the best specimen
.. what are you expecting?
At best I hope that english is not your first language ...
If you truly are a genetician I would suggest you to go back to your work and publish some papers instead of posting crappy pictures along with unsupported assumptions; I am sure there are a lot a microsatellite loci that await you and your PCA (ACP in french) analyses.
http://www.geocities.com/londonross1/china3.png
Fig. 2. Frequency distributions of the eight Y-chromosome haplotypes for the 14 global populations, with their approximate geographic locations. The frequencies of the eight haplotypes are shown as colored pie charts (for color codes, see upper left insert). JP =Japanese. Han=Chinese
Only four Japanese populations exhibited ht1 (defined only by YAP+) at various frequencies (also see Table 1). The highest frequency (87.5%) was found in JP-Ainu, followed by JP-Okinawa (55.6%) living in the southwestern islands of Japan, JP-Honshu (36.6%), and JP-Kyushu (27.9%). The ht2 haplotype (defined by YAP+/M15+) was found in only two males, one each from Thais and Thai-Khmers; ht3 (defined by YAP+/SRY4064-A) was completely absent in the Asian populations examined, whereas Jewish in the Uzbekistan and African populations had this haplotype with a frequency of 28.3% and 100%, respectively. Thus, the YAP+ lineage was found in restricted populations among Asian populations, consistent with previous reports (Hammer and Horai 1995; Hammer et al. 1997; Shinka et al. 1999).
The ht4 haplotype (defined only by M9-G) was widely distributed among north, east, and southeast Asian populations, except for the Ainu. This haplotype was frequent (60.5%) in overall Asian populations (Table 1). Among them, the Han Chinese and southeast Asian populations were characterized by high frequencies ranging from 81.0% to 96.0%. In contrast to ht4, ht5 (defined by M9-G/DYS257108-A) and ht6 (defined by M9-G/DYS257108-A/SRY10831-A) were small contributors to Asian populations. The highest frequency of ht5 was observed in Nivkhi (19.0%) and that of the ht6 in Thai-Khmers (10.8%). The ht5 haplotype is widely distributed among European, Asian, and Native American populations and is proposed to be one of the candidates for founder haplotypes in the Americas (Karafet et al. 1999). Furthermore, high frequencies of ht6 were observed in north Europe, central Asia, and India (Karafet et al. 1999). Thus, the presence of ht5 in Nivkhi may account for the founder effect of peopling of the Americas.
Ce n'est pas "unsupported".
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